Role of Methylene Blue in Trauma Neuroprotection and Neuropsychiatric Diseases.

The prevalence of central nervous system trauma, neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases has significantly increased in recent years. Most of these diseases show multifactorial causes and several progression mechanisms. The search for a medication which positively interferes in these mechanisms and thereby changes the course of these diseases is of great scientific interest. The aim of the present review is to assess current literature on the possible role of methylene blue (MB) in the central nervous system due to the increasing number of citations in spite of the few articles available on the subject which suggest growing interest in the protective effects of MB on the central nervous system. Searches were performed on PubMed and Thomson Reuters Web of Knowledge. Therefore, we provide an overview of existing articles concerning: 1) MB actions; 2) MB neuroprotection and cardiac arrest; 3) MB neuroprotection and degenerative brain diseases; 4) MB neuroprotection and psychiatric diseases. PubMed was chosen because it holds the highest number of articles on the subject, Thomson Reuters was chosen due to its functionality which evaluates citations through analytic graphs. We conclude that MB has a beneficial effect and acts through many mechanisms and pathways of the central nervous system, being a potential alternative for the treatment of many neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases.

Biossegurança: comportamento dos alunos de Odontologia em relação ao controle de infecção cruzada / Biosecurity: behavior of dental students in control of cross infection

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento de acadêmicos de Odontologia com relação ao controle da infecção cruzada, verificando se alunos que estão mais adiantados no curso de formação profissional apresentam melhores condutas de biossegurança. Os temas abordados contemplaram: etapas dos processos de esterilização (desinfecção pré-lavagem, lavagem e esterilização); desinfecção de superfícies e utilização de barreira mecânica. Para isto foram sorteados 117 alunos matriculados nas clínicas da faculdade, convidados a responder um questionário com 19 perguntas objetivas. As respostas foram submetidas à análise descritiva e ao teste do χ². Foi verificado que 94,0% dos alunos não realizam desinfecção pré-lavagem, 86,2% sempre fazem a lavagem dos instrumentais antes da esterilização e 2,5% utilizam proteção das mãos adequada para este fim. A desinfecção das superfícies é realizada por 52% dos alunos e a barreira mecânica é habitualmente utilizada por 73% deles. A análise estatística identificou que alunos do oitavo e nono períodos apresentam melhor comportamento na conduta de organização do instrumental para esterilização e desinfecção de superfícies. E constatou-se que alunos dos períodos mais avançados apresentam melhores condutas. Não há uma padronização no comportamento a respeito da prevenção da infecção cruzada no que diz respeito às etapas básicas de biossegurança no centro acadêmico avaliado.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of dental students regarding cross infection control, verify that students who are more advanced in the course had better biosecurity conduct. The topics covered included: stages of sterilization processes (disinfection pre-washing, washing and sterilization), surface disinfection and use of mechanical barrier. For this 117 students enrolled in clinical discipline were randomly selected and invited to answer a questionnaire with 19 objective questions. The responses were analyzed descriptively and the χ² test. It was found that 94.0% of students do not perform disinfection prewash, 86.2% always do the washing of instruments prior to sterilization and 2.5% use hand protection appropriate for this purpose. Disinfection of surfaces is performed by 52% of the students and the mechanical barrier is commonly used by 73% of them. Statistical analysis identified that students in eighth and ninth periods have better behavior in to organization of the instrumental for sterilization and to disinfection of surfaces. It was found that students in the later periods show better behavior. There is no a pattern in behavior regarding the prevention of cross infection to the basic steps of biosafety academic center evaluated.

Determination of salivary glucose in healthy adults

Objectives: Our aim in this study was to determine the concentration of salivary glucose in healthy individualsand to compare it with the capillary glycemia. Study design: Samples of unstimulated whole saliva were collectedfrom 63 non-diabetic patients. The concentration of salivary glucose and capillary blood was measured inall of the patients. The salivary glucose was determined by enzymatic method and spectrophotometry. The datawas then analyzed using the Spearman correlation test, considering values of p<0.05 to be significant. Results:The whole sample consisted of 47.6% males and 52.4% women, with an average age of 37.5±15.7 years old. Theaverage rates of unstimulated salivary flow were 0.41±0.21 ml/min among males and 0.31±0.15 ml/min amongfemales. No significant difference was found based on these results (p=0.078). The average blood glucose amongthe males studied was 100.05±13.51 mg/dL, and among females, it was 99.5±13.9 mg/dL. The average salivaryglucose for the whole sample was 5.97±1.87 mg/dL, with 5.91±2.19 mg/dL among males and 5.97±1.56 mg/dLamong females, respectively, without presenting any significant differences (p=0.908). The concentration ofsalivary glucose did not present any statistically significant correlation with the capillary glycemia (p=0.732).Conclusions: The results suggest that the concentration of salivary glucose is not dependent on capillary glycemiaand that the concentration of salivary glucose does not present significant differences between the measurementsfor males and females (AU)

Determination of salivary glucose in healthy adults.

OBJECTIVES: Our aim in this study was to determine the concentration of salivary glucose in healthy individuals and to compare it with the capillary glycemia. STUDY DESIGN: Samples of unstimulated whole saliva were collected from 63 non-diabetic patients. The concentration of salivary glucose and capillary blood was measured in all of the patients. The salivary glucose was determined by enzymatic method and spectrophotometry. The data was then analyzed using the Spearman correlation test, considering values of p<0.05 to be significant. RESULTS: The whole sample consisted of 47.6% males and 52.4% women, with an average age of 37.5+/-15.7 years old. The average rates of unstimulated salivary flow were 0.41+/-0.21 ml/min among males and 0.31+/-0.15 ml/min among females. No significant difference was found based on these results (p=0.078). The average blood glucose among the males studied was 100.05+/-13.51 mg/dL, and among females, it was 99.5+/-13.9 mg/dL. The average salivary glucose for the whole sample was 5.97+/-1.87 mg/dL, with 5.91+/-2.19 mg/dL among males and 5.97+/-1.56 mg/dL among females, respectively, without presenting any significant differences (p=0.908). The concentration of salivary glucose did not present any statistically significant correlation with the capillary glycemia (p=0.732). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the concentration of salivary glucose is not dependent on capillary glycemia and that the concentration of salivary glucose does not present significant differences between the measurements for males and females.